Gliomatosis cerebri (GC) is a unique growth pattern of a glial tumor that impacts multiple areas of the brain. Originally considered a formal diagnosis, it is now classified as a distinct growth pattern of diffuse gliomas. This type of tumor arises in the brain or spinal cord, starting from the central nervous system (CNS). While the exact cause of GC is not known, it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that lead to the development of cancerous cells. Despite its prevalence being slightly higher in males, GC can affect individuals of any age, with older adults being more susceptible.
Medical professionals no longer recognize GC as a standalone diagnosis; instead, it is categorized under diffuse gliomas according to the 2016 WHO Classification of CNS Tumors. GC is determined by the presence of more than two affected brain lobes on an MRI scan without significant contrast enhancement. Additionally, neuropathologists grade primary CNS tumors to determine the severity of GC. These tumors are classified as Grade 2 for slow-growing low grade tumors and Grades 3 and 4 for fast-growing high grade tumors that are more resistant to treatment.
Symptoms of GC vary depending on the individual’s age and the location of the tumor but commonly include neurological impairments. Doctors primarily employ MRI scans to identify GC, which usually involves three or more lobes of the brain. Surgery is often the initial treatment option to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may follow surgery, with radiation therapy showing promise in treating GC. However, the widespread nature of GC poses risks as healthy brain tissue may also be affected.
The five-year relative survival rate for GC stands at 16.5%, with multiple factors influencing the prognosis, such as tumor grade, individual response to treatment, and overall health. While GC can spread rapidly within the CNS, it does not extend beyond this region. Recent studies suggest that molecular markers within gliomas may provide insights into improved survival rates for those with GC. Nevertheless, the genetic origins of GC remain relatively unexplored, highlighting the need for further research to enhance treatment options and patient outcomes.
Overall, Gliomatosis cerebri presents a complex and challenging scenario for both patients and medical professionals. As advancements continue to be made in the understanding and treatment of this condition, the hope is that individuals diagnosed with GC will have improved prognoses and access to more effective therapeutic interventions.
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