Metastatic endometrial cancer is a form of cancer that begins in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus, and spreads to other areas of the body. The cancer is staged from 1 to 4, with higher numbers indicating more advanced stages where the cancer has spread further from the original site. The most common sites for endometrial cancer to spread are the lungs, distant lymph nodes, the liver, bones, and the brain. However, according to a review article, distant organ metastasis is relatively rare, with varying rates of spread: lung metastasis at 29.4%, liver metastasis at 14.9%, bone metastasis at 10.5%, and brain metastasis at 3.1%.
As endometrial cancer progresses to a metastatic stage, symptoms may become more pronounced. Some common symptoms of advanced endometrial cancer include atypical vaginal bleeding, discharge, pelvic pain, feeling a mass in the pelvic area, and unexplained weight loss. Additionally, symptoms relating to the specific organs affected by metastasis may become apparent, such as shortness of breath, abdominal swelling, bone pain, headaches, dizziness, or seizures. These symptoms can often be mistaken for other health conditions, highlighting the importance of seeking prompt medical attention if any concerning symptoms arise.
Surgery is typically the primary treatment for endometrial cancer, involving procedures like hysterectomy, removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries, and sometimes lymph node removal in the pelvic area. In cases of metastatic endometrial cancer, surgery alone may not be effective in removing all cancerous cells, requiring additional treatments. Some treatment options for metastatic endometrial cancer include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and immunotherapy. Exploring clinical trials testing new treatments can also provide avenues for patients with advanced stages of endometrial cancer.
The prognosis for metastatic endometrial cancer can vary depending on multiple factors, including the specific areas of the body affected by metastasis. Reports suggest that endometrial cancer spreading to the brain or multiple organs may result in poorer outcomes. Survival rates may differ based on the location of distant organ metastasis, with lung metastasis showing the longest survival time and brain metastasis showing the shortest. Other factors like age, overall health, and response to treatment can also influence a person’s outlook. Current research indicates a 5-year relative survival rate of 18.9% for endometrial cancer spreading to distant areas of the body, with advancements in treatments potentially improving survival rates over time.
Impact of Cancer Type and Treatment
The type of endometrial cancer, its spread within the body, the treatments administered, and individual factors can all impact life expectancy and prognosis. Different types of endometrial cancer, such as low-grade type 1 endometrioid cancers and high-grade type 2 endometrioid and non-endometrioid cancers with TP53 gene mutations, can exhibit varying degrees of aggressiveness and spread. Type 1 endometrial cancer typically grows slowly and remains confined to the uterus, while type 2 endometrial cancer grows more rapidly and has a higher likelihood of spreading to other areas.
Understanding the complexities of metastatic endometrial cancer, its patterns of spread, treatment options, and prognosis is essential for both patients and healthcare providers. By staying informed and accessing appropriate medical care and support, individuals facing metastatic endometrial cancer can better navigate their journey and make informed decisions about their treatment and overall well-being.
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